Particles (Case/Optional-Additional) of Japanese
Japanese (Nihongo) no "case-optional/additional particles" list.
Case
| particle | meaning |
|---|---|
| -ga | subjective/nominative(NOM) [closed, limited, specific] (objective with "emotional adjectives" (e.g. suki(好き), kilai(嫌い)) and "possible verbs" (e.g. dekil(できる), tabelel(食べれる))) |
| -(w)o | objective/accusative(ACC) |
| -de | locative(LOC), instructive(INS) at, by, in |
| -kala | ablative(ABL) from, since |
| -yoli (mo) | ablative(ABL) [polite, literary] than, from, since |
| -ni | dative(DAT), locative(LOC), translative(TRA) to/at, by [actional subject in passive] |
| -e | dative(DAT), locative(LOC), translative(TRA) [polite, literary] to, for |
| -to | comitative(COM) with |
| -to | that [quotation] |
| -no | genitive(GEN) of |
| -yo | vocative (VOC) [literary] |
| -ya | vocative (VOC) [literary/elderly] |
| particle | meaning | alternative |
|---|---|---|
| -to - | parallel [closed] (and) | -, (nao)kats - -, soleto - |
| -ya - | parallel [open] (and) | -, oyobi - -, nalabini - |
| -ka - | parallel [selective] (or) | -, aluia - -, naisi(a) - -, mata-a - -, mosik-a - -, sole-tomo - |
Optional/Additional
| particle | meaning |
|---|---|
| -(w)a | subjective/nominative(NOM) [open, unlimited, separated, individual] topic emphasizing |
| -toa | topic, surprising, admiration [formal] |
| -tte | topic, surprising, admiration [casual] |
| -mo | also, too, either |
| -koso | emphasizing (just) |
| -kamo | possibility (maybe) (-silenai) |
| particle | meaning |
|---|---|
| -nomi | limitation (only) [formal] |
| -dake | limitation (only) [casual] |
| -bakali | limitation (only) [negative, blaming, formal] |
| -bakka | limitation (only) [negative, blaming, casual] |
| -sika | limitation (only) [negative, blaming, combination (-nai)] |
| particle | meaning |
|---|---|
| -made | range (until) [normal] |
| -sae | range (even, only) [normal, desire] |
| -sla | range (even) [insulting, negative, combination (-nai)] |
| -demo | range, exemplification (such as) [permittion (-ii)] |
| -datte | range (such as) [insulting, casual] |
| particle | meaning |
|---|---|
| -nado | exemplification [sometimes insulting, formal] |
| -nanka | exemplification [sometimes insulting, blaming, casual] |
| -nante | exemplification [sometimes insulting, blaming, surprising, casual] |
| -toka | exemplification [sometimes insulting, casual] |
| -gotoki | exemplification [insulting] |
